In today’s volatile market conditions, it’s important to review your accounts receivable ledger and consider writing off stale, uncollectible accounts. The methods that you’ve used in the past to evaluate bad debts may no longer make sense. Here’s how to keep your allowance up to date.

Know the rules

Under the accrual method of accounting, your company will report accounts receivable on its balance sheet if it extends credit to customers. This asset represents invoices that have been sent to customers but are yet unpaid. Receivables are classified under current assets if a company expects to collect them within a year or the operating cycle, whichever is longer.

Realistically, however, some customers won’t pay their invoices. Companies report bad debts using one of these two methods:

1. Direct write-off method. Companies that don’t follow U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) record write-offs only when a specific account has been deemed uncollectible. This method is prescribed by the federal tax code, plus it’s relatively easy and convenient. However, it fails to match bad debt expense to the period’s sales. It may also overstate the value of accounts receivable on the balance sheet.
2. Allowance method. Companies turn to the allowance method to properly report revenues and the related expenses in the periods that they were earned and incurred. This method conforms to the matching principle under GAAP. The allowance shows up as a contra-asset to offset receivables on the balance sheet and as bad debt expense to offset sales on the income statement.

Review your estimate

Under the allowance method, a company usually estimates uncollectible accounts as a percentage of sales or total outstanding receivables. Some companies also include allowances for returns, unearned discounts and finance charges.

Companies typically base the allowance on such factors as the age of receivables and bad debt write-offs in prior periods. But it’s also critical to consider general economic conditions. Given the current economic stress you may be experiencing, your business might have to update its historical strategies for assessing the collectability of its receivables.

Monitoring changes in your customers’ credit risk can help prevent your business from being blindsided by economic distress in your supply chain. If a customer’s credit rating falls to an unacceptable level, you might decide to stop extending credit and accept only cash payments. This can help minimize write-offs from a particular customer before they spiral out of control.

Think like an auditor

Bad debt allowances are subjective and can be difficult to audit, especially during economic downturns. Auditors use several techniques to assess whether the allowance for doubtful accounts appears reasonable. Management can use similar techniques to self-audit the company’s allowance.

An obvious place to begin is the company’s aging schedule. The older a receivable is, the harder it is to collect. In general, once a receivable is four months overdue, collectability is doubtful. However, that benchmark varies based on the industry, the economy, the company’s credit policy and other risk factors.

If your customers have requested extended payment terms, it could cause an increase in older receivables on your company’s aging schedule. In this situation, if your company’s allowance is based on aging, you may need to consider adjusting your assumptions based on current conditions.

Consider outside assistance

Businesses are facing unprecedented uncertainty as the end of the calendar year approaches. In fact, a recent survey of audit partners published by the Center for Audit Quality, an affiliate of the AICPA, found that 40% were uncertain about the outlook for their primary industries.

Contact us if you’re unsure whether your bad debts allowance is sufficient in today’s uncertain marketplace. We can help evaluate your estimate and, if necessary, adjust it based on your company’s current circumstances. We’ll also explain the tax implications.

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You may have heard that the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA), a remnant of Biden’s build back better plan, was signed into law recently. While experts have varying opinions about whether it will reduce inflation in the near future, it contains, extends and modifies many climate and energy-related tax credits that may be of interest to individuals. The ACT also extends the excess business loss limitation for partnerships and S corporations through 2028.

Nonbusiness energy property

Before the IRA was enacted, you were allowed a personal tax credit for certain nonbusiness energy property expenses. The credit applied only to property placed in service before January 1, 2022. The credit is now extended for energy-efficient property placed in service before January 1, 2033.

The new law also increases the credit for a tax year to an amount equal to 30% of:

• The amount paid or incurred by you for qualified energy efficiency improvements installed during the year, and
• The amount of the residential energy property expenditures paid or incurred during that year.

The credit is further increased for amounts spent for a home energy audit (up to $150).

In addition, the IRA repeals the lifetime credit limitation, and instead limits the credit to $1,200 per taxpayer, per year. There are also annual limits of $600 for credits with respect to residential energy property expenditures, windows, and skylights, and $250 for any exterior door ($500 total for all exterior doors). A $2,000 annual limit applies with respect to amounts paid or incurred for specified heat pumps, heat pump water heaters and biomass stoves/boilers.

The residential clean-energy credit

Prior to the IRA being enacted, you were allowed a personal tax credit, known as the Residential Energy Efficient Property (REEP) Credit, for solar electric, solar hot water, fuel cell, small wind energy, geothermal heat pump and biomass fuel property installed in homes before 2024.

The new law makes the credit available for property installed before 2035. It also makes the credit available for qualified battery storage technology expenses.

New Clean Vehicle Credit

Before the enactment of the law, you could claim a credit for each new qualified plug-in electric drive motor vehicle placed in service during the tax year.

The law renames the credit the Clean Vehicle Credit and eliminates the limitation on the number of vehicles eligible for the credit. Also, final assembly of the vehicle must now take place in North America.

Beginning in 2023, there will be income limitations. No Clean Vehicle Credit is allowed if your modified adjusted gross income (MAGI) for the year of purchase or the preceding year exceeds $300,000 for a married couple filing jointly, $225,000 for a head of household, or $150,000 for others. In addition, no credit is allowed if the manufacturer’s suggested retail price for the vehicle is more than $55,000 ($80,000 for pickups, vans, or SUVs).

Finally, the way the credit is calculated is changing. The rules are complicated, but they place more emphasis on where the battery components (and critical minerals used in the battery) are sourced.

The IRS provides more information about the Clean Vehicle Credit here: https://www.irs.gov/businesses/plug-in-electric-vehicle-credit-irc-30-and-irc-30d

Credit for used clean vehicles

A qualified buyer who acquires and places in service a previously owned clean vehicle after 2022 is allowed a tax credit equal to the lesser of $4,000 or 30% of the vehicle’s sale price. No credit is allowed if your MAGI for the year of purchase or the preceding year exceeds $150,000 for married couples filing jointly, $112,500 for a head of household, or $75,000 for others. In addition, the maximum price per vehicle is $25,000.

Funding for the legislation

To support the large legislative package, the IRS will seek to improve services to close the “tax gap”. The tax gap refers to the difference between what should be collected and what actually is. To close the gap, the IRS will be aggregating time to improve enforcement. The majority of taxpayers won’t experience any direct impact. However, the increased pressure on enforcement suggests audits will be more likely.

We can answer your questions

Contact us if you have questions about taking advantage of these new and revised tax credits.

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The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) could have congressional lobbyists nipping at its heels over a “book minimum tax” rule in the newly enacted Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (IRA). This would be the first corporate alternative minimum tax based on financial statement book income since the 1980s. And many in the accounting profession are up in arms about it.

Book minimum tax provision

A company’s book income as reported on its income statement may differ significantly from its taxable income for federal income tax purposes. The IRA — a $740 billion package with provisions on health care, climate and tax — will require companies that report over $1 billion in adjusted financial statement income (AFSI) to pay a 15% minimum tax rate on that income. Some of these companies may already be satisfying this requirement. But others with over $1 billion in book income, which may have taken certain credits or deductions that lower their tax rate below 15% of their AFSI, may be subject to additional tax liability under the new law.

Unlike previous calculations of corporate alternative minimum tax that started in taxable income, the minimum tax under the IRA starts with book income. In addition to allowing for the use of net operating losses and foreign tax credits, the calculation of AFSI allows exemptions for such items as general business credits and defined pension benefits. A late modification also allows for the reduction of AFSI by accelerated depreciation under the federal tax code.

FASB mission

The FASB develops U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) for public and private companies and not-for-profit organizations in the United States. This rulemaking body is designed to be independent from influence by corporations and Congress. However, the book minimum tax rule could potentially give the FASB significant influence over some of the revenue the federal government collects — with potentially significant financial implications for U.S. companies.

This provision is effective for tax years beginning after December 31, 2022. It applies to any corporation (other than an S corporation, regulated investment company, or a real estate investment trust) that meets an average annual AFSI test for one or more earlier tax years that end after December 31, 2021. The Joint Committee on Taxation estimates that about 150 corporate taxpayers would be subject to this tax annually. 

“Even though [the IRA] doesn’t directly involve FASB, it does have implications for FASB because it is asking major companies to pay a tax based on financial statement income which is based on GAAP standards set by FASB,” said Andrew Lautz, director of federal policy at National Taxpayers Union.

Changes made to financial accounting rules could have a direct impact on federal tax revenue. As a result, Congress may take more interest in the FASB’s work in the future and lobby for or against certain changes. Accounting standards could become targets for special interests and lobbyists. Any resulting rule changes could extend to all entities that follow GAAP, not just large corporations with more than $1 billion in AFSI.

Accounting industry pushback

“What is concerning at this point is that tying the new minimum tax to financial statement income creates incentives for companies to report lower book income, which may be at odds with the overall purpose of financial statements (and the goal of the FASB) to be a source of information that is useful to current and potential investors and creditors,” said Mary Cowx, Assistant Professor at the W. P. Carey School of Accountancy at Arizona State University.

The Financial Accounting Foundation (FAF), which governs the FASB, recently said tax and public policy matters are outside the FASB’s mission and should be left to Congress and other regulatory agencies. The FAF’s statement is consistent with a letter signed by more than 300 accounting professionals that was sent to Congress when it was considering the Build Back Better (BBB) bill. However, Congress made major changes to the book minimum tax provision from what was proposed under the BBB and what was signed into law under the IRA.

Stay tuned

It’s currently uncertain whether the new law will lead to unintended changes in GAAP. But the FAF is committed to maintaining the FASB’s independence and avoiding any adverse effects on investor confidence and capital markets. Contact us to discuss the status of current FASB projects that could affect income reporting, such as those related to bolstering income tax disclosures and disaggregating expense information on the income statement.

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