Accounting Standards Codification Topic 842, Leases, requires organizations to report the full magnitude of their long-term lease obligations on their balance sheets — a historic first. For private companies and nonprofits, the changes take effect this year. Public entities adopted the rules in 2019. While the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) conducts its post-implementation review of the new-and-improved lease standard, the guidance is concurrently being adopted by private organizations.

A major issue that has surfaced relates to leases under common control. In a surprise move, the FASB voted on September 21 to propose changes to address stakeholder concerns.

 

Practical expedient for related-party leases

Topic 842 requires an organization to account for a lease that’s under common control on the basis of the legally enforceable provisions. Problems arose for private companies because some don’t have written documentation of related-party leases, and they’re confused about what’s “legally enforceable.”

FASB members unanimously agreed to propose a practical expedient for private entities to simplify the guidance for determining whether a lease exists for arrangements between entities under common control. A practical expedient is an accounting workaround with a simpler approach to arriving at the same answer as the initial rule.

The proposal specifies that entities would only consider the written terms and conditions when determining whether a lease exists, and the classification and accounting for that lease. Entities wouldn’t be required to determine whether those written terms and conditions are legally enforceable. Moreover, if no written terms and conditions exist, an entity would apply Topic 842 to any verbal or implicit terms and conditions. If no lease exists, other rules would apply.

 

Clarity on leasehold improvements

An affiliated issue that came up during the FASB’s review of Topic 842 is how to handle the treatment of leasehold improvements when there’s a verbal related-party transaction. In many cases, the life of the related-party lease could substantially differ from the actual life of the underlying lease asset.

The term “leasehold improvement” generally refers to changes, buildouts or upgrades to real property made by a commercial tenant. For example, you might paint, update lighting, install new carpet or make repairs to a space.

FASB members voted 4-3 to propose an amendment to Topic 842 that would specify that leasehold improvements associated with leases between entities under common control be “amortized by the lessee over the useful life of the improvements (regardless of the lease term) as long as the lessee continues to use the underlying asset.” If the lessee stops using the leased asset, it would then be “accounted for as a transfer between entities under common control.”

To be clear, if approved, this change would apply to both public and private entities. Public companies already implemented the updated standard in 2019.

It’s important to note that three FASB members dissented to proposing changes to leasehold improvement rules. The dissenters said that they didn’t have enough information to vote to propose changes for public companies and were uncertain about any secondary or indirect implications of the proposal. The members who were in favor of the proposal indicated that public companies would largely be unaffected by the changes. Their leases tend to be arm’s length, written agreements, regardless of whether the lessors are third parties or under common control.

 

Stay tuned

Since the updated lease guidance was issued in 2016, it has been deferred twice and amended five times. Once these two last-minute proposals are issued, there will be a 45-day comment period. In the meantime, private organizations must continue pushing forward with adopting the updated guidance for 2022. Contact us for help onboarding the changes, including any amendments for leases under common control.

© 2022

Your CPA offers a wide menu of services. One flexible offering, known as an “agreed-upon procedures” engagement, provides limited assurance on a specific aspect of an organization’s financial or nonfinancial information.

What’s covered?

Agreed-upon procedures can cover various items. For example, a CPA could provide a statement about the reliability of a company’s accounts receivable, the validity of the sales team’s credit card payments, the effectiveness of the controls for the security of a system and even greenhouse gas emissions.

Lenders may request these types of engagements before they’ll approve a new loan application or an extension of credit for an existing customer — or they might want one if a borrower defaults on its loan covenants or payments. These engagements can also be useful in M&A due diligence, by franchisors or when a business owner suspects an employee of misrepresenting financial results.

Stakeholders don’t necessarily like waiting until year end to see how an organization is faring in today’s uncertain markets. Agreed-upon procedures can be done at any time, so they can provide much-needed peace of mind throughout the year.

What’s reported?

These engagements are based on procedures similar to an audit, but on a limited scale. When performing agreed-on procedures, CPAs issue no formal opinions; they simply act as fact finders. The report lists:

• The procedures performed, and
• The CPA’s findings.

Agreed-upon procedures can be relied on by third parties. But it’s the user’s responsibility to draw conclusions based on the findings.

What’s new? 

Agreed-upon procedures are usually a one-time engagement, so you might not know much about them — or how the rules that apply to them changed a few years ago. A revised standard was published in 2019, bringing several key changes. Most notably, an accountant is now allowed to report on a subject matter without obtaining a written assertion from the responsible party that the responsible party complies with an underlying criterion, such as laws or regulations. This gives CPAs more flexibility when examining or reviewing certain documents if the engaging party can’t appropriately measure or evaluate them.

The revised standard also:

• Enables CPAs to develop procedures over the course of the engagement,
• Allows CPAs to develop or assist in developing the procedures,
• Removes the requirement for intended users to take responsibility for the sufficiency of the procedures and, instead, requires the engaging party to simply acknowledge the appropriateness of the procedures before the issuance of the practitioner’s report, and
• Permits the CPA to issue a general-use report.

The new guidance went into effect for reports dated on or after July 15, 2021, although early implementation was permitted.

Contact us

In today’s uncertain marketplace, agreed-upon procedures can provide much-needed peace of mind throughout the year. We can help you customize procedures that fit the needs of your organization and its stakeholders.

© 2022

Auditing standards require financial statement auditors to identify and assess the risks of material misstatement due to fraud — and to determine overall and specific responses to those risks. Here’s why face-to-face meetings are essential when assessing these risks.

Audit inquiries

Fraud-related questions are a critical part of the audit process. The AICPA requires auditors to identify and assess the risks of material misstatement due to fraud and to determine overall and specific responses to those risks under Clarified Statement on Auditing Standards (AU-C) Section 240, Consideration of Fraud in a Financial Statement Audit.

Specific areas of inquiry under AU-C Sec. 240 include:

• Whether management has knowledge of any actual, suspected or alleged fraud,
• Management’s process for identifying, responding to and monitoring the fraud risks in the entity,
• The nature, extent and frequency of management’s assessment of fraud risks and the results of those assessments,
• Any specific fraud risks that management has identified or that have been brought to its attention,
• The classes of transactions, account balances or disclosures for which a fraud risk is likely to exist, and
• Management’s communications, if any, to those charged with governance about its process for identifying and responding to fraud risks, and to employees on its views on appropriate business practices and ethical behavior.

Interviews must be conducted for every audit — auditors can’t just assume that fraud risks are the same as those that existed in the previous accounting period.

Beyond words

Although many audit procedures have been done remotely during the pandemic, auditors are now resuming face-to-face meetings with managers and others to discuss fraud risks. Why? Psychologists estimate that 7% of communication happens through spoken word, 38% through tone of voice and 55% through body language. So, when evaluating fraud risks during an audit, a face-to-face interview is critical to help pick up on nonverbal clues.

Nuances such as an interviewee’s tone and inflection, the speed at which he or she responds, and body language provide important context to the words being spoken. The auditor will also watch for signs of stress on the part of the interviewee in responding to questions, including long pauses before answering, starting answers over, profuse sweating or tapping feet.

In addition, in-person interviews provide opportunities for immediate follow-up questions. When it isn’t possible to have a face-to-face interview, a videoconference or phone call is the next best option because it provides the auditor many of the same advantages as meeting in person.

Let’s work together

External audits don’t provide an absolute guarantee that dishonest behaviors will be detected, but they can be an effective antifraud control. According to Occupational Fraud 2022: A Report to the Nations, companies that were audited lost one-third less from fraud than those that weren’t audited — and audited companies were able to detect fraud 33% faster than those without audited financial statements.

You can facilitate our efforts to assess your company’s fraud risks by anticipating the types of questions we’ll ask and the source documents we’ll need. Forthcoming, prompt responses help ensure that your audit stays on schedule and minimizes any unnecessary delays.

© 2022

In today’s volatile market conditions, it’s important to review your accounts receivable ledger and consider writing off stale, uncollectible accounts. The methods that you’ve used in the past to evaluate bad debts may no longer make sense. Here’s how to keep your allowance up to date.

Know the rules

Under the accrual method of accounting, your company will report accounts receivable on its balance sheet if it extends credit to customers. This asset represents invoices that have been sent to customers but are yet unpaid. Receivables are classified under current assets if a company expects to collect them within a year or the operating cycle, whichever is longer.

Realistically, however, some customers won’t pay their invoices. Companies report bad debts using one of these two methods:

1. Direct write-off method. Companies that don’t follow U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) record write-offs only when a specific account has been deemed uncollectible. This method is prescribed by the federal tax code, plus it’s relatively easy and convenient. However, it fails to match bad debt expense to the period’s sales. It may also overstate the value of accounts receivable on the balance sheet.
2. Allowance method. Companies turn to the allowance method to properly report revenues and the related expenses in the periods that they were earned and incurred. This method conforms to the matching principle under GAAP. The allowance shows up as a contra-asset to offset receivables on the balance sheet and as bad debt expense to offset sales on the income statement.

Review your estimate

Under the allowance method, a company usually estimates uncollectible accounts as a percentage of sales or total outstanding receivables. Some companies also include allowances for returns, unearned discounts and finance charges.

Companies typically base the allowance on such factors as the age of receivables and bad debt write-offs in prior periods. But it’s also critical to consider general economic conditions. Given the current economic stress you may be experiencing, your business might have to update its historical strategies for assessing the collectability of its receivables.

Monitoring changes in your customers’ credit risk can help prevent your business from being blindsided by economic distress in your supply chain. If a customer’s credit rating falls to an unacceptable level, you might decide to stop extending credit and accept only cash payments. This can help minimize write-offs from a particular customer before they spiral out of control.

Think like an auditor

Bad debt allowances are subjective and can be difficult to audit, especially during economic downturns. Auditors use several techniques to assess whether the allowance for doubtful accounts appears reasonable. Management can use similar techniques to self-audit the company’s allowance.

An obvious place to begin is the company’s aging schedule. The older a receivable is, the harder it is to collect. In general, once a receivable is four months overdue, collectability is doubtful. However, that benchmark varies based on the industry, the economy, the company’s credit policy and other risk factors.

If your customers have requested extended payment terms, it could cause an increase in older receivables on your company’s aging schedule. In this situation, if your company’s allowance is based on aging, you may need to consider adjusting your assumptions based on current conditions.

Consider outside assistance

Businesses are facing unprecedented uncertainty as the end of the calendar year approaches. In fact, a recent survey of audit partners published by the Center for Audit Quality, an affiliate of the AICPA, found that 40% were uncertain about the outlook for their primary industries.

Contact us if you’re unsure whether your bad debts allowance is sufficient in today’s uncertain marketplace. We can help evaluate your estimate and, if necessary, adjust it based on your company’s current circumstances. We’ll also explain the tax implications.

© 2022

You may have heard that the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA), a remnant of Biden’s build back better plan, was signed into law recently. While experts have varying opinions about whether it will reduce inflation in the near future, it contains, extends and modifies many climate and energy-related tax credits that may be of interest to individuals. The ACT also extends the excess business loss limitation for partnerships and S corporations through 2028.

Nonbusiness energy property

Before the IRA was enacted, you were allowed a personal tax credit for certain nonbusiness energy property expenses. The credit applied only to property placed in service before January 1, 2022. The credit is now extended for energy-efficient property placed in service before January 1, 2033.

The new law also increases the credit for a tax year to an amount equal to 30% of:

• The amount paid or incurred by you for qualified energy efficiency improvements installed during the year, and
• The amount of the residential energy property expenditures paid or incurred during that year.

The credit is further increased for amounts spent for a home energy audit (up to $150).

In addition, the IRA repeals the lifetime credit limitation, and instead limits the credit to $1,200 per taxpayer, per year. There are also annual limits of $600 for credits with respect to residential energy property expenditures, windows, and skylights, and $250 for any exterior door ($500 total for all exterior doors). A $2,000 annual limit applies with respect to amounts paid or incurred for specified heat pumps, heat pump water heaters and biomass stoves/boilers.

The residential clean-energy credit

Prior to the IRA being enacted, you were allowed a personal tax credit, known as the Residential Energy Efficient Property (REEP) Credit, for solar electric, solar hot water, fuel cell, small wind energy, geothermal heat pump and biomass fuel property installed in homes before 2024.

The new law makes the credit available for property installed before 2035. It also makes the credit available for qualified battery storage technology expenses.

New Clean Vehicle Credit

Before the enactment of the law, you could claim a credit for each new qualified plug-in electric drive motor vehicle placed in service during the tax year.

The law renames the credit the Clean Vehicle Credit and eliminates the limitation on the number of vehicles eligible for the credit. Also, final assembly of the vehicle must now take place in North America.

Beginning in 2023, there will be income limitations. No Clean Vehicle Credit is allowed if your modified adjusted gross income (MAGI) for the year of purchase or the preceding year exceeds $300,000 for a married couple filing jointly, $225,000 for a head of household, or $150,000 for others. In addition, no credit is allowed if the manufacturer’s suggested retail price for the vehicle is more than $55,000 ($80,000 for pickups, vans, or SUVs).

Finally, the way the credit is calculated is changing. The rules are complicated, but they place more emphasis on where the battery components (and critical minerals used in the battery) are sourced.

The IRS provides more information about the Clean Vehicle Credit here: https://www.irs.gov/businesses/plug-in-electric-vehicle-credit-irc-30-and-irc-30d

Credit for used clean vehicles

A qualified buyer who acquires and places in service a previously owned clean vehicle after 2022 is allowed a tax credit equal to the lesser of $4,000 or 30% of the vehicle’s sale price. No credit is allowed if your MAGI for the year of purchase or the preceding year exceeds $150,000 for married couples filing jointly, $112,500 for a head of household, or $75,000 for others. In addition, the maximum price per vehicle is $25,000.

Funding for the legislation

To support the large legislative package, the IRS will seek to improve services to close the “tax gap”. The tax gap refers to the difference between what should be collected and what actually is. To close the gap, the IRS will be aggregating time to improve enforcement. The majority of taxpayers won’t experience any direct impact. However, the increased pressure on enforcement suggests audits will be more likely.

We can answer your questions

Contact us if you have questions about taking advantage of these new and revised tax credits.

© 2022